Know Your SAT Testing Environment and Plan Accordingly

September 28th, 2011 by Kate Hedman

sat class

It’s news to nobody that the environment in which a student takes a test can affect his or her score. That’s why teachers take such care in preventing talking during exams, seat students where they cannot read off of each other’s papers, and make sure desks are clear of materials that would facilitate cheating. So one would expect the SAT environment to be no different - to be a tightly regulated place where students’ scores should be based only on their merits in a standardized environment. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. Just as there are variations in environment from classroom to classroom – wooden walls versus cinderblock, rural versus urban environments – there are variations in environment on test day, and these variations can affect students’ scores.

There are, however, ways to mitigate some of the possibly adverse effects of an unfamiliar or unusual testing environment, the best of which is foreknowledge of the particulars of the testing room. If it is possible, arrange to take the SAT in an environment with which you are familiar, preferably where you have sat for an exam previously or where you have at least spent some time. Be familiar with the noise level, seating arrangements, lighting, chalkboards and whiteboards (where proctors may write the time), and visibility of clocks in the room.

If, on the day of the exam, you encounter an unexpected environmental problem, like being seated next to a particularly annoying test taker, then ask your proctor for help. The College Board says that it’s up to the proctor whether, for instance, a student gets to change seats, so by all means be polite when making requests. Your final out if something in the environment causes you problems is the College Board itself. They will cancel your scores if you request that service by the Wednesday after the test day. Remember: be prepared to speak up about problems, or forever live with your SAT scores.

Kate Hedman, MSEd, has been helping students succeed on the SAT for seven years. She has been a verbal teacher with ESC for six years, and taught high school English for three years. She loves reading about new advances in brain research that she can use in the classroom to help her students learn how to achieve higher scores on the SAT.

SAT Math: A Polynomial Divided by a Monomial

September 26th, 2011 by Marty Rafson

Here’s a point of algebra that many students have forgotten. What do we do if we are confronted with a division problem involving more than one term (a polynomial) divided by one term (a monomial)? Let’s consider a situation as simple as this: How do we handle the division (a + b)/c? Most students are very comfortable with the concept of the distributive property for multiplication but may not realize that the same thing goes for division. With this problem, we just “distribute” the division.  (a + b)/c is the same as taking each term from the numerator and dividing it by the denominator:  a/c + b/c.  It’s that simple! Now, how would that work on an SAT problem? A recently released exam provides a great example.

In their newest version of The Official SAT Study Guide, Practice Test #2, Section 5, problem #12 on page 467 is a perfect example: “If (3x + y)/y = 6/5, what is x/y?” Now, there are several ways to solve this problem but it screams for a division as described above. The left side of this equation would break into two divisions 3x/y + y/y.  Since y/y = 1, we now have 3x/y + 1 = 6/5. Subtract 1 from both sides to give us 3x/y = 1/5.  Now just divide by 3 and we will have the answer x/y = 1/15. (We’ll just give a hint that another method of solution is to cross-multiply the given expression.)

Marty Rafson wrote the ESC math curriculum and has been an SAT math teacher, tutor, and curriculum developer for 30 years. He has been a high school math teacher for 36 years and a math department chairman for 25 years. He was also an adjunct professor at City College of New York School of Education.

SAT Math: The Interior and Exterior Angles of a Polygon

September 19th, 2011 by Marty Rafson

One of the nicest lessons that a high school math teacher gets to teach concerns the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a polygon. Draw a hexagon (6 sides). Put your pencil on one vertex and draw every possible diagonal originating from that vertex. How many non-overlapping triangles has the hexagon been divided into? If you’ve done it correctly, you’ve got 4 triangles. If you follow this same process with, let’s say, an octagon (8 sides), you’ll find it divided into 6 triangles. Students can easily be led to the logical conclusion that if we have a polygon of “n” sides, then we will be able to divide it into (n – 2) triangles. Thus, if we are trying to discover the sum of the measures of the interior angles of the polygon (knowing that the sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180), we can conclude that our sum must be   (n – 2) times 180. If we are now asked to use this formula to find the sum of the interior angles of a decagon (10 sides), we plug in n=10, giving us (10 – 2), or 8 times 180, for a sum of 1440 for the interior angles.

That’s a great formula to learn and to know for the SAT. However, the far more important SAT fact regards the exterior angles. What is the formula for the sum of measures of the exterior angles of a polygon? We might jokingly say that it’s not exactly a formula. The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a polygon is 360. Students always ask how many sides the polygon has. The answer is that the sum of these exterior angles is always 360 regardless of how many sides the polygon has. The sum is not dependent of “n”, the number of sides. The writers of the SAT capitalize on this in a variety of ways. Over the years there have been several problems with a triangle and the exterior angles labeled “x”, “y” and “z”. With absolutely no given information, they ask for the sum of x, y and z. The message is clear. Students taking the SAT must know that the sum of the measures of the exterior angles of ANY polygon is always 360.

Marty Rafson wrote the ESC math curriculum and has been an SAT math teacher, tutor, and curriculum developer for 30 years. He has been a high school math teacher for 36 years and a math department chairman for 25 years. He was also an adjunct professor at City College of New York School of Education.

Small SAT Score Gains Mean Big College Admissions Gains

September 15th, 2011 by Kate Hedman

Whether or not you think your admission to college should be governed by your SAT score, there is evidence that it is, and that a mere 30 point jump in your Critical Reading score can get you into college. For more information, take a look at this USA Today article from May 2009. What do you think? Are colleges relying too much on SAT scores?

Share your comments below.

Kate Hedman, MSEd, has been helping students succeed on the SAT for seven years. She has been a verbal teacher with ESC for six years, and taught high school English for three years. She loves reading about new advances in brain research that she can use in the classroom to help her students learn how to achieve higher scores on the SAT.

Sending Colleges My SAT Scores

September 12th, 2011 by Joe Connell

Should I send my SAT scores to colleges or wait to see what they are? Students often ask this question because they are nervous about their results. The good news is that most colleges take a student’s best results from multiple test dates. Hopefully, that knowledge helps a student relax more each time he/she takes the test.

The College Board (the makers of the SAT) through Score Choice, a feature created in 2009, allows students to send only the scores they want to various colleges. I recommend taking advantage of this feature. This feature gives students more ownership over how their scores are used.

Ultimately, the scores a college requires you to submit are up to them. Each college has slightly different requirements. In general, most colleges will combine a student’s best individual section scores (i.e., Critical Reading, Writing and Math) from multiple test dates (e.g., March, May and October) to create their best combined score. This is why it’s often beneficial for students to take the test multiple times and use test preparation services. To find out what a particular college prefers, contact them directly; this list of SAT Score-Use Practices provided by the College Board also provides a good place to start.

Good luck on your Fall SAT tests!

Joe Connell has been helping high school students transition to college for the last nine years through positions in admissions, new student orientation and retention. Currently, Joe is the Director of Academic Services & Testing at Dutchess Community College (NY); he has previous work experience at William Paterson University (NJ), Marist College (NY) and Miami University (OH). Joe has presented on issues related to college students' transition and success at both regional and national levels and has taught both SAT preparation and college courses for the past eight years.

SAT Math: Three Angles of a Triangle

September 12th, 2011 by Marty Rafson

Virtually every student knows that the sum of the measures of the three angles of a triangle is 180 (and for those who don’t know this, the kind folks at the Educational Testing Service have listed this fact at the top of every SAT math section).

Consider this question: What is the average measure of one angle of a triangle? It’s a simple question. To find the average of any three things, we find the sum and then divide by 3. Since the sum of the three angles of a triangle is always 180, when we divide by 3 we find that the average measure of an angle of a triangle is always 60. This fairly simple fact has nice implications for SAT math problems.

Only an equilateral triangle has 3 angles that each measure exactly 60.  If we then decrease one of the angles by one degree to 59, to balance this out one of the other angles must increase to 61 so that the average remains 60 (and the sum remains 180). Now we have three unequal angles. Let’s examine them more closely. What can be said about the smallest angle of a triangle? Setting aside the equilateral triangle situation, the smallest angle of a triangle must measure less than 60. Are there any other conclusions that we can draw about the other two angles of the triangle? The largest angle of the triangle must measure greater than 60. Is there anything we can state for sure regarding the “middle-sized” angle of a triangle? It may be more or less than 60, we can’t tell for sure. However, if you give it some further thought, could this angle be as large as 90 degrees? If the “middle-sized” angle of a triangle is 90 and then the largest angle is more than that, we would have more than 180 degrees. Therefore, the “middle-sized” angle must measure less than 90.

All of these conclusions derive directly from the simple fact that the sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180. Make no mistake about it – the SAT will test you about these more in-depth concepts. Taking an SAT Prep Course will hone your math skills.

Marty Rafson wrote the ESC math curriculum and has been an SAT math teacher, tutor, and curriculum developer for 30 years. He has been a high school math teacher for 36 years and a math department chairman for 25 years. He was also an adjunct professor at City College of New York School of Education.

College Admission Requirements: HS Courses, GPA, ACT / SAT Scores

September 6th, 2011 by Joe Connell

Colleges look at a variety of factors when reviewing students’ applications. Three of the biggest are courses taken in high school (competitive admissions colleges are generally looking for at least 4 years of English, 4 years of mathematics, 3 years of social science, 3 years of laboratory science and 3 years of a foreign language), high school grade point average and/or class rank and ACT / SAT scores. If you are a high school senior reading this you, you probably realize that the biggest factor that you can change at this point in your academic career is your SAT score. If you’re still looking for SAT preparation, consider signing up for an SAT course this fall. If you are a high school junior reading this,  don’t forget that you still may have some choice over the courses you take next year, so consider taking one more year of Spanish, trying out the AP World History course that your high school offers or seeing if you can take a course with the local community college.

For more in depth information on college admissions, check out ESC’s college admissions readiness webinar.

Joe Connell has been helping high school students transition to college for the last nine years through positions in admissions, new student orientation and retention. Currently, Joe is the Director of Academic Services & Testing at Dutchess Community College (NY); he has previous work experience at William Paterson University (NJ), Marist College (NY) and Miami University (OH). Joe has presented on issues related to college students' transition and success at both regional and national levels and has taught both SAT preparation and college courses for the past eight years.

SAT Math: Factoring the Difference of Two Perfect Squares

September 5th, 2011 by Marty Rafson

Every Algebra 1 course includes a unit on factoring. When teaching students, we usually break down factoring into three types: Factoring the greatest common factor; factoring the difference of two perfect squares; factoring trinomials. The SAT will not simply come out and ask a classroom-type question requiring the student to factor a given expression. An SAT problem will require more cleverness as the need to factor is often hidden in the problem. In fact, it is rare for an SAT math question to even give a hint that the student needs to factor an expression. Of the three types of factoring, experience shows us that factoring the difference of two perfect squares has shown up the most on past SAT’s.

Problem: “If x + y = 10 and x – y = 2, find the value of x2 – y2.” There are two interesting mathematical approaches possible here. As we read the given information, it appears that we have to solve a system of two equations to find the values of x and y and then plug them into the given expression x2 – y2. However, often on the SAT, it is critical to focus on the right part of the problem. x2 – y2 at the end of the problem should leap off the page and catch the attention of the sharp math student. This expression screams to be factored as (x + y)(x – y). Any student who notices this will then immediately notice that we have been given the values of each of these. The first is equal to 10 and the second is equal to 2 and all we have to do is multiply to get the answer of 20.

Would we have reached the same result if we had solved for x and y? Absolutely! Solving the system of two equations would have yielded x = 6 and y = 4.  Then, 62 – 42, or 36 – 16 would have given us the correct answer of 20. However, how long would that have taken? Remember, on the SAT the clock is ticking. Recognizing the factoring of the difference of two perfect squares yields an almost instantaneous answer. Further, any student seeing this should recognize that he/she has just outsmarted the person who wrote the question. That just feels good and keeps your spirits high as the test is going on. Keep up your SAT prep for a great score!

Marty Rafson wrote the ESC math curriculum and has been an SAT math teacher, tutor, and curriculum developer for 30 years. He has been a high school math teacher for 36 years and a math department chairman for 25 years. He was also an adjunct professor at City College of New York School of Education.

Why Should I Prepare for the SAT Test?

August 29th, 2011 by Joe Connell

When I teach SAT preparation, I tell my students that I am not only helping them improve their SAT score, but also increasing their chances of college admission and scholarship. The SAT is a test designed to provide a national benchmark on college readiness (a factor that the admissions office reviews for each school). As such, students should view the SAT as a tool to help them achieve their educational goals.

When approached from this perspective, students create the mindset that the SAT is a resource for them to get into that dream college. I find this outlook takes a lot of pressure off students and often motivates them to treat the SAT like part of a game. The higher the SAT score that they earn will lead to more points for the game of getting into college.

To achieve the greatest score in the SAT game, students should prepare. Students will improve their chances for success on the SAT through preparation, instruction and coaching. To provide an analogy to sports, the most successful athletes are often the hardest workers (for examples, think of Peyton Manning, Jerry Rice or Michael Jordan). Any great performer knows that talent takes you to a certain point, but effort enables you to achieve your highest potential. If you are looking for effective SAT preparation to achieve your best SAT score, Educational Services Center offers both traditional classroom SAT prep and online SAT prep. If you take the online SAT prep course, you might even meet me as the Critical Reading and Writing instructor.

In sum, a student should prepare for the SAT to increase their chances of getting into the college of their dreams!

Joe Connell has been helping high school students transition to college for the last nine years through positions in admissions, new student orientation and retention. Currently, Joe is the Director of Academic Services & Testing at Dutchess Community College (NY); he has previous work experience at William Paterson University (NJ), Marist College (NY) and Miami University (OH). Joe has presented on issues related to college students' transition and success at both regional and national levels and has taught both SAT preparation and college courses for the past eight years.

SAT Math: Shortest Distance Between Two Points

August 26th, 2011 by Marty Rafson

Euclid is credited as the founder of most of our modern geometry. Though he lived approximately 300 years B.C., his foundation of geometry is still the basis of the geometry we teach in high school and, therefore, the basis for SAT questions on geometry. One of the most common geometry questions on recent SAT’s goes right back to one of Euclid’s most basic ideas.

What is the shortest distance between two points? Euclid said the shortest distance between two points is a straight line. This was one of his fundamental axioms, or postulates – statements that are accepted without proof because they are so obviously true.

Consider this situation: You need to travel from point A to point B.  According to Euclid, the shortest distance would be along the straight line AB. However, now let’s suppose that you had to divert first to a point C that is not along this straight path. You would first travel from A to C (AC) and then from C to B (CB). Clearly, this second trip which takes us first to point C is the longer trip. If you draw a triangle to represent this situation, we can rename the result: AC plus CB must be longer than directly from A to B, namely AB. Thus, based on Euclid’s axiom, we have proven a theorem: The sum of two sides of a triangle must be greater than the third side.  Someone at the Educational Testing Service has decided that this is a critical concept and a question on it has appeared on most recent SAT’s.

Problem: “Two sides of a triangle are 5 and 9.  If the length of the third side is an integer, find one possible length of the third side.”

Let’s try 3.  This doesn’t work since 5+3=8 which is not greater than 9. Perhaps we should try 4.  Now, 5+4=9 but is not greater than 9 so this is not good. If we try 5, the sum of any two sides is greater than the third side. Note that 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 also work. When we reach 14, 5+9=14 but is not greater so that doesn’t work.

Problem: “Two sides of an isosceles triangle are 2 and 5. Find every possible perimeter of the triangle.” Isosceles triangles have two equal sides. So, the triangle could have sides of 5, 5 and 2 giving us a perimeter of 12. However, many students would then suggest that there’s another isosceles triangle with sides of 2, 2 and 5. Sadly, they would be wrong. Since the sum of any two sides must be greater than the third side and 2+2 is not greater than 5, this second triangle doesn’t even exist. The only possible perimeter is 12.

The sum of any two sides of a triangle must be greater than the third side. Make sure you know this when you prep for the SAT.

Marty Rafson wrote the ESC math curriculum and has been an SAT math teacher, tutor, and curriculum developer for 30 years. He has been a high school math teacher for 36 years and a math department chairman for 25 years. He was also an adjunct professor at City College of New York School of Education.